A B S T R A C T Temperature is one of the climate elements that has fluctuated a lot over time. When these fluctuations increase and decrease more than normal and are placed in the upper and lower regions of the statistical distribution, if continued, it can lead to the creation of heating and cooling WAVES. The purpose of this study is to analyze the temporal and spatial changes in heating and cooling WAVES in Iran during a period of 50 years. For this purpose, the temperature of 663 synoptic stations from 1962 to 2004 was obtained from the Esfazari database. Then, in order to complete this database, the daily temperature from 2004 to 2011 was obtained from the Meteorological Organization of the country and added to the aforementioned database. In order to perform calculations and draw maps, Matlab, grads and Surfer software have been used. The results of this study showed that the index of cooling WAVES and heating WAVES, while having a direct effect on each other, had an increasing trend in most of the area of Iran. The statistical distribution of the index of cooling WAVES is more heterogeneous than that of the index of heating WAVES. So that the spatial variation coefficient for cold WAVES is 84.22%. Also, the index of cooling WAVES has more spatial variability. The highest common diffraction of the index of heating and cooling WAVES has been seen in the northwest, east and along the Zagros mountains. Analysis of the indexes trends show that heat WAVES have intensified in 65.8% of Iran and the intensity of cold WAVES has decreased in 48.5% of Iran Extended Abstract Introduction Temperature is one of the major climatic variables, which it has a direct impact on different aspects of human life. It plays an essential role in the growth of crops and is considered a key driver of the biological system(Reicosky et al, 1988). It is associated with several types of extremes, for example, heat and cold WAVES which caused human societies maximum damage. Past occurrences of heat WAVES hitherto had significant impacts on several aspects of society. Have increased Mortality and morbidity. Ecosystems can be affected, as well as increased pressure on infrastructures that support society, such as water, transportation, and energy(Dewce, 2016). The long-term change of extreme temperatures has a key role in climatic change. The form of statistical distribution and the variability of mean values and also extreme event indicate a change in the region. It can be a small relative change in the mean as a result of a large change in the probability of extreme occurrence. Also, the variation in temperature data variance is significantly more important than the mean, for assessing the extreme occurrence of climate(Toreti and Desiato, 2008). The average surface temperature has increased the world between 0.56 and 0.92 ° C over the past 100 years(IPCC, 2007). Meanwhile, it was in the Middle East, the average daily temperature increased by 0.4-0.5 ° C in decades(Kostopoulou et al, 2014; Tanarhte et al, 2012). Considering that not many studies have been done in the field of spatio-temporal Variations of the heating and cooling WAVES thresholds in Iran, in this study, the spatio-temporal Variations of the heating and cooling WAVES thresholds in Iran during 50 years were examined and analyzed.   Methodology The daily temperature from the beginning of the year 21/03/1967 to 19/05/2005 was obtained from the Esfazari database prepared by Dr. Masoudian at the University of Isfahan. In order to increase the time resolution of the mentioned database, the daily temperature of observations from 05/21/2005 to 05/12/2012 has been added to the mentioned database using the same method, and the exact spatial resolution (15 x 15 km) is used as a database. Threshold indices of heating WAVES are the average numbers between the 95th and 99th percentiles, that is, the extreme hot threshold to the limit of excessively extreme hot. For extreme cool, from the 5th percentile down to zero is used. Of course, a condition was added to these thresholds, which is that these thresholds must be repeated two days in a row. These thresholds were extracted for each day in the 50 years of the study period and used as the original database. In order to analyze the relationship between cooling and heating WAVES, Pearson's correlation coefficient was used and regression was used to analyze the trend.   Results and discussion The average of cold WAVES was 5.26 ° C and for the heat WAVES is 30.20° C. Generally, if the temperature is upper or lower than this threshold, it is considered as hot or cold temperatures. A comparison of the median, mode, and average of cold WAVES with heat WAVES shows that the distribution is more heterogeneous for cold WAVES and its CV is 84.22%. In southern Iran, the average threshold heat WAVES are higher. This situation can be caused by the effects of subtropical high-pressure radiation, low latitude, and proximity to the sea. Though the threshold is higher in these areas, fewer fluctuations and changes are seen in the area. Heights moderate the temperature so they pose a minimum threshold for heat WAVES i.e. an iso-threshold of 25 ° C is consistent along the Zagros mountain chains, but in the west and east of Zagros Mountains, the threshold of heat WAVES is increased. Heat WAVES have increased in most areas of the country. So nearly 85 percent of the Iran has been an increasing trend, of which 65.8 percent is statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. Still, more areas of the country (60 percent) have a trend between 0.00828 and 0.00161. As can be seen, only 15% of the land area (including the southwest and northwest of the Country) had decreased heat WAVES. Cold WAVES, in most parts of the country, have a Positive Trend. However, about 25 percent of the study area's cold WAVES have a negative trend. they are located in areas higher than Latitude 30°. The largest decline of the wave's trend along the country is highlands. Nowadays, most of the country, has a trend between 0.01494 and 0.00828 ° C, respectively. Conclusion Common changes and effects of heat and cold WAVES had a direct relationship in many parts of the country. It is remarkable common variance in the East reached 55 percent, according to statistical significance. In some areas of the northwest and southwest, which have been impressive heights, the common variance is 40 percent. This common variance in mountains area has been high values. Investigation of heat WAVES trend shows that 65.8% of Iran significant positive trend and 7.1% significant negative trend. Also, the cold WAVES trend has indicated a 48.5% significant positive trend and a 10.8% significant negative trend. Climate change and global warming have changed the frequency and severity of temperature extremes. The present study, by examining the number of warm WAVES, concluded that the warm WAVES have increased in magnitude in 65.8% of the Iran zone. Also, the study of the cold WAVES trend showed that 48.5 percent of Iran had a positive trend, which means that the amount of temperature in the cold WAVES increased In other words, the severity of the cold has been reduced And only 10.8 percent of Iran had a negative cold wave trend And it shows the intensity of these WAVES is reduced.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution The authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approthe contenttent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest The authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Introduction: ULTRASOUND is a medical imaging technique for evaluation and assessment of body deep tissues such as spleen, liver, muscles, tendons, blood vessels, and their lesions. In addition, it is used in pregnancy. Purkinje cells of cerebellum are largest cells in central nervous system which during growth and differentiation have high sensitivity to various factors, including environmental, genetic and chemical factors. Alcohol is one of the most common and most effective toxins that affect purkinje cells and reducing their number. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effect of the DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND WAVES on number of cerebellar purkinje cells in the alcoholic rat cerebellum.Materials & methods: Six female Wistar rats were selected for matting. After childbirth, the newborn were divided into six groups including one control group and five experimental groups (Alcoholic group and two groups with 3 and 5 MHz ULTRASOUND-exposed, and two groups with alcohol+ULTRASOUND-exposed groups that were exposed to 3 and 5 MHz ULTRASOUND WAVES). After animals scarification and preparation of tissue slices, purkinje cells of cerebellum were counted using Motic software. Statistical analysis performed using Tukey test and ANOVA variance analysis.Findings: The data showed that consumption of alcohol significantly decreased the number of purkinje cells of cerebellum and DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND WAVES compensate this reduction and significantly increased the number of purkinje cells.Discussion & Conclusion: according to results ULTRASOUND WAVES as noninvasive method can compensate number of cerebellar purkinje cells that have been decreased by alcohol, and can be a new strategy for the treatment of cerebellar disorders during the development.

According to the benefits of oxidative desulfurization (ODS) and ULTRASOUND assisted oxidative desulfurization (UAOD) processes and in order to industrialize these processes, it is necessary that the kinetics of these processes be studied and modeled, so as to be able to design and simulate them in semi industrial and industrial scale. Therefore, kinetics modeling of oxidative desulfurization reaction of 4, 6-DMDBT over molybdenum catalyst supported on alumina has been investigated. For expression of reaction kinetics equations, Langmuir Hinshelwood and Eley Rideal mechanisms have been used. Genetic algorithm was used for optimization. Based on, Langmuir-Hinshelwood and Eley Rideal models results, Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism can describe the kinetic behavior of UAOD and ODS processes. Micro kinetics equations and rate determining step are identified according to the results of the models.

Dear Editor, Congenital structural heart diseases are the most commonly reported fatal anomalies in children. These ANATOMICAL disorders can often be corrected surgically (1). Today, echocardiography is the best and most important DIAGNOSTIC technique for ANATOMICAL abnormalities in the heart (2). In this method, ANATOMICAL details and hemodynamic examination of the heart can be determined using the ULTRASOUND WAVES (sonography) (2). . .

Background: Endometriosis is a gynecologic disorder which causes dysmenor-rhea and infertility. Early diagnosis of endometriosis can help prevent the ne-cessity for invasive DIAGNOSTIC procedures. Medical imaging has been widely utilized to diagnose various diseases without the need for invasive procedures. The purpose of this study was to investigate the cervical length in women with endometriosis. Methods: In this case-control study, the case group consisted of nulliparous women with endometriosis, while the control group comprised nulliparous women without endometriosis. A total of 42 individuals were included in each group. Cervical length was measured using transvaginal ULTRASOUND from the external os to the internal os. The patients in the case group underwent laparoscopy to confirm the diagnosis. Pearson chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test were employed to compare categorical variables with a p<0. 05 considered statistically significant. Results: In both groups, there were no notable variations in any of the demographic characteristics. However, the severity of dysmenorrhea was significantly different between the two groups (p=0. 01). The average diameter of the mediolateral cervix (29. 48±6. 2 and 27. 14±3. 8) was statistically significant between the patient group and control group, respectively (p=0. 04). The mediolateral width may have a positive predictive effect on the presence of endometriosis, while cervical length appears to have a protective effect against endometriosis. Conclusion: Demographic data do not predict endometriosis. This study sug-gests that mediolateral width in transvaginal sonography can serve as a minimal-ly invasive DIAGNOSTIC tool for endometriosis, showing correlation with endome-triosis symptoms like dysmenorrhea and dyspareunia.

Introduction: Medical undergraduates usually understand and memorize ANATOMICAL course material with difficulty. Also, the current text books and atlases of anatomy and histology do not fulfill all the learning needs of the undergraduates. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the role of internet websites and computer programs (i.e. the role of electronic learning) in teaching. The present research aimed to introduce the new teaching facilities in the field of ANATOMICAL SCIENCES to improve learning among medical undergraduates and ameliorate the present teaching deficiencies. The present research also aimed at facilitating the continual training of graduates and lecturers in the ANATOMICAL SCIENCES.Methods: In this research, content analysis was conducted on 9 internet websites and 4 projects and computer programs related to ANATOMICAL SCIENCES on the basis of those introduced by the lecturers of the ANATOMICAL SCIENCES department of medicine faculty of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SCIENCES. This review was conducted on the basis of teaching processes and technologies needed in electronic learning environment and also the necessary teaching facilities in learning of the ANATOMICAL SCIENCES.Results: Having interactive programs, atlases and virtual tests, the capability of updating material and continual education are some of the properties of electronic learning environments in the teaching of ANATOMICAL SCIENCES. According to this research, 100% of the investigated projects and the computer programs and 44% of the websites, had interactive programs. Furthermore, 50% of the projects and computer programs and 22% of websites had virtual updated atlases, and 22% of websites had virtual tests.Conclusion: By using the facilities in reliable educational sites of ANATOMICAL SCIENCES and also the interactive learning computer programs, difficulties in learning and understanding ANATOMICAL SCIENCES syllabus can be reduced and the level of knowledge in the field raised so that the way can be paved for improving clinical skills in the areas of diagnosis and treatment. Besides, the use of these technologies is effective in updating the knowledge of graduates and lecturers in the field of ANATOMICAL SCIENCES.

Background/Objective: The gray scale sonography (GSS) in initial studies and color Doppler sonography in more recent studies have been used for evaluation of parotid tumors. The objective of this study is to evaluate the validity of triplex sonography, i.e., GSS, color Doppler mapping (CDM) and spectral Doppler sonography (SDS) to differentiate the malignant from benign parotid tumors.Patients and Methods: Fifty parotid tumors were evaluated. On GSS the tumor margin was evaluated and divided into "well-defined" and "ill-defined." On CDM, tumors vascularity was divided into two groups of "hypovascular" (≤2 arteries) and "hypervascular" (>2 arteries). On SDS, the peak systolic velocity (PSV) of tumor arterial blood flow was measured. The DIAGNOSTIC indices (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value) of GSS, CDM and SDS findings alone and in combination were calculated, considering the histopathology results as the gold standard. For PSV, we used the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and calculated the area under the ROC curve.Results: After excisional biopsy and histopathologic examination, 18 out of 50 tumors were malignant and 32 were benign. The sensitivity and specificity of the GSS was 77.8% and 90.6%, respectively. These DIAGNOSTIC indices for CDM were 83.3% and 87.5%, respectively. The mean±SD PSV was significantly higher in malignant tumors than in benign ones (40.1±9.9 vs 19.1±4.9 cm/s) (p<0.0001). For PSV, the area under the ROC curve was 0.98; with a cut-off point of ≥24 cm/s; the sensitivity was 100% and the specificity was 81.2%. With a cut-off point of ≥29 cm/s for PSV, the sensitivity was 83.3% and the specificity was 100%. Using a cut-off value of 27.5 cm/s for PSV, the sensitivity and specificity of this modality for differentiation of malignant tumors were 88.9% and 96.9%, respectively. Combining the results of triplex sonography in a scoring system showed a little improvement in the DIAGNOSTIC indices.Conclusion: The PSV alone and combination of the GSS, CDM and SDS findings are sensitive and specific methods in differentiation of malignant parotid tumors from benign diseases.